microcontroller Programming

The AVR 8-Bit RISC Microcontroller from Atmel is a very common Microcontroller It's a single integrated circuit with EEPROM, Ram, Analog to Digital converter, a lot of digital input and output lines, timers, UART for RS 232 communication and many other things.

The best is however that a complete programming environment is available under Linux: You can program this Microcontroller in C using GCC. In this article I will explain how to install and use GCC. I will as well explain how to load the software into the Microcontroller. All you need for this are an AT90S4433 Microcontroller, a 4Mhz crystal, some cable and a few other very cheap parts.

ATmega8

A monitoring and protection circuit for 1-cell and 2-cell Li-ion applications that require high security and authentication, accurate monitoring, low cost, and high utilization of the cell energy. The microcontroller includes 8KB self-programming flash program memory, 512-Bytes SRAM, 256-Bytes EEPROM, 1 or 2 cells in series, over-current, high-current and short-circuit protection, 12-bit voltage A/D converter, 18-bit coulomb counter current A/D converter, and debugWire interface for on-chip debug. The device features autonomous battery protection during charging and discharging, and supports very accurate accumulated current measurements using an 18-bit ADC with a resolution of 0.84??V. It also supports up to 4 MIPS throughput at 4MHz. 1.8 - 9V operation. Parameter Name Value Program Memory Type Flash Program Memory (KB) 8 CPU Speed (MIPS) 16 RAM Bytes 1 Data EEPROM (bytes) 512 Digital Communication Peripherals 1-UART, 1-SPI, 1-I2C Capture/Compare/PWM Peripherals 11 CCP3 Comparators 1 Temperature Range (C) -40 to 85 Operating Voltage Range (V) 2.7 to 5.5 Pin Count 32 Cap Touch Channels 12

Serial Program

                                org         0h

                nop

                call          masukserial

                mov       dptr,#MyCharacter

loop:                      clr           A

                Movc     A,@A+dptr

                cjne       A,#0,Next

                sjmp      loop1

Next:                     call          out

                inc          dptr

                sjmp      loop

loop1:                   call          input

                cjne       A,#'1',next1

                mov       P0,#30h

                mov       p1,#31h

               

next1:                   cjne       A,#'2',next2

                mov       P0,#31h

                mov       p1,#30h

next2:                   cjne       A,#'3',nextx

                mov       P0,#39h

                mov       p1,#34h

nextx:                   sjmp      loop1

;

masukserial:

                mov       scon,#52h ; Konfigurasi komunikasi serial mode 1

                mov       tmod,#20h ; Baud rate 2400 BPS

                                MOV     TH0,#81H

                                MOV     TL0,#4AH

                                MOV     TH1,#0f3h

                                MOV     TL1,#32H

                setb       tr1

                                SETB      PT1

                                SETB      ET1

                                SETB      EA

                                ret

;

input:

detecti:                jnb         ri,detecti ; Deteksi bit RI apakah data sudah diterima  atau belum

                clr           ri

                mov       a,sbuf

                ret

;

out:

detecto:               jnb         ti,detecto;

                clr           ti ;

                mov       sbuf,a ;

                ret

;

MyCharacter:

                DB ' Tekan Tombol 1, 2 atau 3',13,10,0

                End

      

The Program of Running Led

org         0h

                jmp        mulai

mulai:

cek1:     jb            p1.0,cek2                             ; cek penekanan tombol 2

             call          kanan                                   ; call label kanan

cek2:     jb            p1.1,cek3                             ; cek penekanan tombol 1

              call          kiri

cek3:     jb            p1.2,cek1

             call          mati                                       ; call label kiri

             sjmp      mulai                                     ; kembali ke label mulai

;--------------------------------------------

kanan:               mov       a,#01111111b                    ; isi data accu dengan     01111111b

kanan1:             mov       p0,a                                   ; isi data accu di p0

                         call          delay                                ; call delay

                         jb            p1.1,terus                        ;cek penekanan tombol pada kanan1

                         sjmp      kembali                             ; kembali ke label kembali

terus:                jb            p1.2,terus1                         ; cek penekanan tombol pada terus1

                        sjmp      kembali                                ; kembali ke kembali

terus1: 

                        rr             a                                   ; putar data accu ke kanan

                      cjne       a,#11111110b,kanan1    ;bandingkan data 11111110b dengan data di accu lalu ke label                     kanan1

                       sjmp      kanan1                            ; kembali ke label kanan1

kembali:               ret

                                                                                ; kembali ke program awal

kiri:         mov       a,#11111110b                    ; isi data accu dengan 11111110b

kiri1:      mov       p0,a                                       ; isi data accu di p0

                call          delay

                                                                ; call delay

                jb            p1.2,next                             ; cek penekanan tombol pada next

                sjmp      back                                       ; kembali ke label back

next:     jb            p1.0,next1                          ; cek penekanan tombol paada next1

                sjmp      back                                       ; kembali ke label back

next1:   rl             a                                              ; putar data accu ke kiri

                cjne    a,#011111111b,kiri1            ; bandingkan data 01111111b dengan data di accu lalu ke kiri1

                sjmp      kiri1                                        ; kembali ke label kiri1

back:     ret                                                          ; kembali ke program awal

mati:      mov       a,#11111111b

mati1:   mov       p0,a

                call          delay

                jb            p1.0,lanjut

                sjmp      kanan

lanjut:   jb            p1.1,lanjut1

                sjmp      kiri

               

lanjut1: jmp        mulai

                ret

;===========================================

;subroutine delay time

delay:    mov       r2,#180                                 ; isi data register 2 dangan 180h

delay1: mov       r3,#250                                 ; isi data register 3 dengan 250h

delay2: djnz       r3,delay2                             ; kurangi register 3 jika belum 0 jangan lompat ke delay2

                djnz       r2,delay1                             ; kurangi register 2 jika belum 0 jangan lompat ke delay1

                ret                                                          ; kembali ke program awal

                end                                                        ; program berakhir

IC 7486

This gateway uses type IC 7486. Operating gates: EX OR gates differ from OR gates. Output will be worth 0 if the inputs are both 1 or both 0 and 1 would be valuable if one of the input and output of value 0 or 1. Thus obtained the following equation: Y = AB + AB

IC 7400

By using type IC 7400, a NAND gate has two inputs and one output.

Gate operations:

NAND gates requires all inputs are 0 (connected to ground) or one of them is worth 1 in order to produce valuable output 1. Conversely, if Y = A • B all inputs were priced 1 (input from Vcc), the output will be worth 0. This is the opposite of the AND gate operation.

IC 7408

Basic gates are already packed in an IC (Integrated Circuit), for gate use type IC 7408. Since in this case will use the input / input 3 pieces then by combining the two gates can be obtained 3 input meant (by connecting the output 3 feet to 4 feet or five inputs as shown in the image below. gate basic price only had 2 are 0 and 1. valuable 0 if the voltage is worth 0 to 0.8 volts and a valuable one if the voltage is worth 2-5 Volts. Operating gates : If all input is connected to the ground or everything apart then the output will be worth 0, so that the indicator lights are not on. Similarly, if only one apart and other inputs given input voltage of Vcc, the light still will not turn on. the lights will be lit if all inputs rated voltage of Vcc